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Planning and implementation activities

Regions and Countries

Scaling up ambition: Lessons from British Columbia’s carbon tax

Many consider the British Columbia (B.C.) carbon tax to be a ‘textbook’ example of a broad-based, revenue-neutral carbon tax (World Bank, 2017). The carbon tax was introduced in 2008 at a rate of Canadian Dollars (CAD) 10 per metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent and annually raised by CAD 5, until reaching CAD 30 in 2012. The tax is paid by all individuals and...

The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project

Education

Integrated Energy Systems

The purpose of this case study is to show how the design framework of the 2013–15 Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) can be useful for the design of low emissions development strategies. The specific purpose of the DDPP was to inform short-term domestic policy at the national level by providing a long-term trajectory backcasted from sectoral and national 2050...

The French Low Carbon 2050 Strategy: An Iterative Policy Process with High Stakeholder Engagement

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

This case study focuses on the development of the French national low-carbon strategy. It details the process of developing the French plan for achieving a low-carbon economy by 2050. The decision during the period 2013–15 to develop a longer-term (2050) low carbon strategy responds to a very specific context, both domestically and internationally: A new quinquennat,...

The United Kingdom’s Clean Growth Strategy

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Renewable Energy

Rural

Transport

Waste Management

Water

The UK government’s Clean Growth Strategy (CGS), published in October 2017, sets out the proposals and policies to meet legislated limits on UK emissions in five-year periods to 2028–32 (the “fifth carbon budget”) although the CGS is not the first such UK plan, it is the first to be required subsequent to the Paris Agreement and is more detailed regarding the long-term...

LTS in Europe: Experience from National and EU-Wide 2050 Climate Planning

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Education

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Gender

Health

Industry

Integrated Energy Systems

Jobs and Livelihoods

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Poverty

Renewable Energy

Rural

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

Water

The European Union has defined a new system of governance after the Paris Agreement, requiring all Member States to produce national long-term strategies (LTS) by January 1, 2020, and commits the European Commission (EC) to draft a long-term strategy for the Union as a whole. Around half of the EU Member States have already developed national LTS' over the past decade,...

Long-Term Planning Efforts: The South African Long-Term Mitigation Scenario Planning Process

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

South Africa’s Long-Term Mitigation Scenario (LTMS) is one of the earliest long-term climate mitigation planning processes undertaken in a developing country. This case study describes how the LTMS arose, its objectives, its design and outputs, and how these have informed and interacted with mitigation policy subsequently. It reflects on the LTMS’ contribution to long-...

Long-term Climate Strategies: A Case Study of Germany

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

This case study describes the process of developing Germany’s long-term strategy, “Climate Action Plan 2050.” The Climate Action Plan 2050 focuses on the economy-wide mitigation efforts required for Germany to achieve extensive greenhouse gas (GHG) neutrality by 2050. Key elements of the strategy include a long-term mitigation target for 2050 (extensive GHG neutrality)...

Malta’s National Transport Strategy, 2050, And Transport Master Plan, 2025

Transport

Malta is the European Union’s smallest but most densely populated country. As a result of previous misguided policy efforts in the 1990s that had equated car ownership levels with economic growth, the country has one of the highest per capita car ownership levels in Europe. Thus, decoupling economic prosperity from transport activity has been a challenge faced by...

Mexico’s Mid-Century Strategy: Lessons in Planning for the Paris Agreement

Ecosystem Adaptation

Industry

Integrated Energy Systems

Mexico’s Mid-Century Strategy (MCS), presented at 22nd Conference of the Parties (COP22) in Marrakech, is one of the first long-term strategy documents published after the adoption of the Paris Agreement. It’s Mexico’s response to Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement, which calls for all Parties to “formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas...

Responding to The Challenges of Climate Change: Vietnam's National Power Development Plan

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Vietnam, one of world’s most populous countries, has experienced a rapid economic growth in the past decade, leading to higher and higher energy demand. However, most of the country’s electricity output comes from coal, which creates huge greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and environmental damage. To tackle the challenge of climate change, the Government has passed a...

Risky Business? Climate Change, Power Planning, and Resilience in Tanzania

Energy Efficiency

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Many countries face the challenge of strengthening and expanding electricity generation and infrastructure while incorporating climate resilience and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets into long-term power planning. Increasingly, climate change impacts threaten investments in renewable energy, particularly hydropower, and thus compromise the ability of countries to...

Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Forestry and Land-Use

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Water

Vietnam’s Mekong Delta is considered among the world’s five most vulnerable deltas (Governments of Vietnam and the Netherlands 2013). Socioeconomic exposure is very high due to high population density, meaning that about 11 million people in that region are facing risks that are enhanced by issues like sea-level rise, land subsidence, and flooding. To develop a long-...

Energy 2050: A Participatory Process for a Long-Term Energy Policy and its Role in Climate Change Policies in Chile

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Chile’s energy sector—and the electricity sector in particular—has been under scrutiny during the last 15 years. Challenged by growing electricity demand, the slowed expansion of generation capacity and a rapid rise in electricity prices Chile embarked on development of a long-term energy policy with clear goals for sustainability, without neglecting short-term issues...

Experiences of Midterm Planning in The Colombian Electricity System

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

In the early 1990s, Colombia suffered an extreme drought that caused nationwide programmed blackouts of up to 10 hours daily. As a result, the Colombian government asked for long and midterm planning tools to forecast electricity demand, as well as the infrastructure required to fulfill it. Law 143 of 1994 required the Ministry of Mines and Energy to produce and...

Lessons from low-emission development strategies to support long-term strategy development and implementation

Energy Efficiency

Long-term strategies can enable enduring economic growth and sustainable development while also aligning with climate objectives in the Paris Agreement. It is increasingly recognized that, when developing LTS, many countries are not starting from scratch but can build on existing complementary climate and development processes and approaches, such as low-emission...

Analytical Capacity for Long-Term Strategies

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

This case study examines five countries (Brazil, China, Germany, India, and the United States) and assesses the diverse approaches these countries have taken that inform the ongoing evolution of good practice in developing long-term strategies (LTS), particularly in issues relevant across country contexts. While the approaches in these countries are constructed to meet...

Building Capacities for Long-Term Planning: The Mitigation Action Plan and Scenarios (Maps) Program

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Renewable Energy

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

Water

In Chile, Peru, Colombia and Brazil, climate change remained a policy issue mainly linked to environmental concerns and not fully integrated into national development agendas, either as an important constraint or as an opportunity. Realizing the need to respond to climate change while also being required to define their commitments to the Paris Agreement, the four...

Burkina Faso’s National Adaptation Plan: A Long-Term Planning Effort

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Forestry and Land-Use

Gender

Health

Water

In 2012, Burkina Faso launched a comprehensive effort to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP). This case study explores Burkina Faso’s national process to formulate a medium- and long-term strategy for climate change adaptation, which in turn enabled the development of climate projections for Burkina Faso for 2021, 2050, and 2100, as well as the assessment of...

China’s National Development Strategy as Inspiration for its Long-Term Strategy to Respond to Climate Change

Education

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Transport

Over the past few years, China, in line with its own development practice, has urged the rest of the world to transition to green, low-carbon, climate-adaptive, and sustainable development. This case study explores a history of national long-term development planning in China and provides some commentary on long-term climate change planning for the country. China’s use...

Developing the U.S. Midcentury Strategy for Deep Decarbonization Under the Paris Agreement

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Forestry and Land-Use

Renewable Energy

Transport

Urban

The Paris Agreement includes a call for countries to develop long-term GHG emissions reduction strategies. To inform long-term U.S. climate policy strategy while spurring global implementation momentum, the United States, jointly with Mexico and Canada, committed to complete in 2016 the U.S. Midcentury Strategy for Deep Decarbonization (MCS). The MCS report charts...

California’s Decarbonization Strategy: Adaptable Policy with Strong Target Setting and Stakeholder Engagement

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Forestry and Land-Use

Health

Industry

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Renewable Energy

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

Water

California’s successful climate policies are set against a background of strong political and public support for protecting the environment, long-term planning, analytical evaluations and modeling, and an inclusive stakeholder process that helps shape long-term plans and individual climate policies. This case study describes California’s process for addressing climate...

The HuellaChile Carbon Management Programme: Involving the public and private sector in climate change mitigation

The HuellaChile Programme is an initiative created with the purpose of promoting the management of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the private and public sector. Since its launch in 2015, it has promoted the voluntary participation of both private and public entities in the quantification, reporting and reduction of GHGs. The programme is implemented by the Ministry...

Kenya’s County Climate Change Funds

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Education

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Rural

Kenya is highly vulnerable to climate change, in large part because the livelihoods and economic activities of most Kenyans rely on climate-sensitive natural resources. Building resilience to climate change is therefore high on the agendas of both national and county governments, especially the county governments in the arid and semi-arid lands that experience recurrent...

Kenya’s Monitoring and Evaluation of Adaptation: Simplified, integrated, multilevel

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Forestry and Land-Use

Health

Industry

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Water

Kenya has demonstrated a strong commitment to addressing climate change challenges. The Climate Change Act 2016, the first legislation in Africa dedicated to climate change, sets out the legal basis for mainstreaming climate change considerations and actions into sector functions. The Climate Change Act, 2016, requires the development of a National Climate Change Action...

Financing climate action: The GCF country programme as a priority investment framework for Togo

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) Readiness programme is a funding programme to enhance country ownership and access to the fund. It seeks to strengthen the institutional capacities of National Designated Authorities (NDAs) or focal points as well Direct Access Entities to engage with the fund by providing them with financial resources. The fund also supports countries to...

Market Based Mechanisms to reduce GHG Emissions in Asia

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Countries in Asia are steadily addressing the need to reduce emissions through the deployment of market-based mechanisms (MBMs), such as carbon taxes, cap and trade programs, baseline and credit programs, and the development of renewable electricity and energy efficiency standards. Furthermore, MBMs are serving a critical role in aiding emerging economies in Asia in...

Fostering resilient silvo-pastoral practices in Senegal: The promotion of enriched closed forest areas in the groundnut basin

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

The implementation of silvo-pastoral inter-village spaces (see Figure 1) is an endogenous initiative developed by local communities in the groundnut basin of Senegal. Its aim is to address the combined effects of climate change and resource degradation (Sanogo et al., 2014). According to Touré and Kremer (2002), the concept of ‘closed area’ corresponds to all consensual...

Learning’s from Nepal’s National Adaptation Plan formulation process

The Ministry of Population and Environment of the Government of Nepal launched a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) formulation process for strengthening climate preparedness and facilitating climate-inclusive planning within existing programmes and policies across sectors. The NAP process builds on the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) which gives due...

Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into sectoral planning: Learning from Benin's environmental cells

While sub-Saharan least developed countries (LDCs) are highly exposed to climate change, they often lack the know-how that is necessary to adequately address climate risks. One reason for this is that most climate-related information for these countries is fragmented or only available in English. To address this knowledge gap and establish a scientific basis for the...

Harmonising and managing inter-sectorality: The elaboration of ‘Environment and Sustainable Development Sectoral Strategies’ (SEDDs) in Senegal

The idea of developing ‘Environment and Sustainable Development Sectoral Strategies’ (SEDDs, in its French acronym) in Senegal was born from the observation that climate change, sustainable development and the environment were at best weakly considered in sectoral policies. Therefore, the West African Economic and Monetary Union conducted a study in 2011 to help...

The Lebanon Climate Act: Engaging the private sector to enhance climate action in Lebanon

Lebanon is extremely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, which is expected to cause significant costs to the economy. The huge economic loss estimates have led the government to realise that the active involvement and support of the private sector will be crucial to build a climate resilient future for Lebanon and to meet the country’s climate targets...

Pioneering green finance in the developing world: The Fijian Sovereign Green Bond

In November 2017, the Fijian government successfully issued a sovereign green bond and raised Fijian dollars (FJD) 100 million (~USD 50 million; long-term average conversion rate: 1 USD = 2 FJD ) to help finance its transition towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy. Green bonds are fixed income financial instruments for raising capital from investors through...

Colombia’s Progress in Developing a National Monitoring and Evaluation System for Climate Change Adaptation

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Health

Jobs and Livelihoods

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Poverty

Rural

Transport

Water

Colombia is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. Although adaptation efforts in Colombia began in 2006, it was only in 2010 that the topic was included on the political agenda, as a result of a La Niña weather phenomenon that flooded about 8 per cent of the country’s most populated area, affecting almost 9 per cent of the population and resulting in...

Information Sharing for Adaptation Planning at Sub-national Levels: South Africa’s Let’s Respond Toolkit

Education

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

South Africa’s vulnerability to climate change arises from high levels of poverty, as well as its dependence on climate-sensitive sectors, including agriculture and water, for human livelihoods and economic development. Recognizing the important role played by provincial and local actors in addressing these issues, the country has demonstrated a strong commitment to...

Mainstreaming Adaptation in Action: Case Studies from Two States in India

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

India will face considerable and varied climate change impacts in the coming decades. The country has a large population with high poverty and low adaptive capacity, heavy dependence on climate-sensitive sectors, and is likely to face negative climate change impacts. These factors make adaptation critical. Integrating, or mainstreaming, adaptation into development plans...

Mainstreaming Gender into Climate Action: Lessons from Peru

Gender

If countries are to successfully mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts while meeting their Paris Agreement commitments, gender responsive climate policies are essential. In 2014, Peru was the first country in Latin America to develop a gender and climate change action plan. This case study summarizes the subsequent successes and challenges the country faced in...

Strengthening Greenhouse Gas MRV Systems in Colombia: A RALI Engagement Case Study

Agriculture

Renewable Energy

The Strengthening MRV Systems in Colombia case study was a collaborative project involving the Government of Colombia and various stakeholders to improve the harmonization of national measuring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems with mitigation activities outlined in the country’s national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. The project created a data management...

Smart Incentives for Mini-Grids through Retail Tariff and Subsidy Design

Renewable Energy

Countries have diverse energy goals. Mini-grids are playing an increasing role in achieving countries’ energy goals such as: supporting rural electrification, community self-reliance, local resilience, and emissions reductions. Depending on unique country circumstances, clean energy mini-grids can be less expensive than extending transmission infrastructure across long...

International Best Practices for Implementing and Designing Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) Policies

Renewable Energy

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a public policy tool requiring a certain amount of renewable electricity relative to the entire electricity supply. These policies are meant to increase generation from “renewable”, or more broadly “clean” technologies that are legally defined within the policy. An RPS can be motivated by environmental, economic, or geopolitical...

Building a strategic framework for reducing climate change risk and vulnerability: Unlocking climate finance to ensure long-term adaptation in Peru

Peru is currently developing key elements for ensuring long-term adaptation to climate change. The Peruvian Framework Law on Climate Change will secure the mainstreaming of adaptation measures into sectoral and subnational planning and budgeting, and strengthen the incorporation of climate change considerations into public institutions in the years to come. The ruling...

Building climate policies under consensus: Argentina´s National Climate Change Cabinet

The Argentinean National Climate Change Cabinet (GNCC, for its Spanish acronym), created by Presidential Decree in 2016, is chaired and coordinated at a high political level by the head of the ministerial cabinet, and brings together representatives of approximately 12 ministries and government secretariats. The GNCC is structured through periodic meetings of cross-...

Investing in Grid-Connected Solar PV: Structured Finance for NDC Implementation in the Gambia

The NAMA support project (NSP) ‚„Investing in grid-connected solar PV: Structured finance for NDC implementation‘‘ is based on the two Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) „Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy in The Gambia“ and „Feasibility Study for Grid-Connected Solar Energy Production in The Gambia“, which were developed in 2015 and 2016 with...

The Chandigarh Solar City Project: Identifying Synergies and Maximizing the Co-Benefits of NDC-SDG Linkages in Climate Policy

Energy Efficiency

As part of the Government of India’s (GOI) solar city initiative, “Development of Solar Cities”, the Chan-digarh Solar City Project achieved the targeted 10% reduction of conventional energy demand in its first 5 years of operation through various innovative measures that started a holistic and sustainable transition of the electricity sector in the city. These measures...

Promoting the Uptake of Electric Vehicles to Reduce Pollution in Beijing City, China

Transport

The poor air quality in Beijing city in 2013 prompted the central and Beijing governments to implement stringent pollution control measures. This included the promotion of green transportation such as electric vehicles. The central government has since implemented a range of policies that has actively publicised EVs, while investing in infrastructural support and...

Initial Experiences of the Community of Practice on Supporting Direct Access to Climate Finance

Developing countries are highly vulnerable to climate change and thus need financing for adaptation and low-carbon development. The international community has established multilateral funds to support mitigation and adaptation in these countries. The Adaptation Fund (AF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF), two of the world’s largest climate funds, are committed to...

Mastering the transition towards energy efficiency in the buildings sector: The European Union’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

Energy Efficiency

The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is the European Union's (EU) main legislative instrument promoting the improvement of the energy performance of buildings among the Member States of the EU. The EPBD sets a framework for energy-efficient building systems, which are adaptable to the national building codes of the Member States. The objective of the...

Dialoguemos NDC: A Participatory Process for NDC Implementation in Peru

When confronted with climate change demand, countries are challenged with involving several key actors such as government, NGOs, the private sector, and civil society groups. Additionally, countries must ensure coordination between all relevant sectors across all levels of society and make sure that they are each taking necessary climate action. Peru has embraced these...

Aligning Mongolia's NDC and SDGs through its national green development policy

Through Mongolia’s efforts in developing policies and interventions towards green growth, particularly the National Green Development Policy (NGDP), the Sustainable Development Vision 2030 (Vision 2030), and the Sustainable Development Outlook of Mongolia (SOM), it has effectively tapped into the synergies between efforts in overcoming developmental challenges and...

Charging Ahead: The Growth of Electric Car Markets in Latin American Cities

Transport

Urban

In Latin America 37% of total emissions come from the transportation sector, out of which, 27% comes from private vehicle ownership. Annually, it is estimated that 50,000 premature deaths result from transport related emissions. Meanwhile, Latin America enjoys one of the cleanest electricity grids in the world with an estimated 60% of their electricity coming from large...

Charging Ahead: The Growth of Electric Bus Markets in Latin American Cities

Transport

Urban

Public transportation plays a major role in Latin American cities. Cities are also the most likely regions to be the most polluted due to their high population densities. Electric buses present a great opportunity to both provide a convenient mode of urban transportation, and a transportation mode that increases air quality while decreasing city congestion. But the...

Towards a More Equal City Johannesburg: Confronting Spatial Inequality

Poverty

Transport

Urban

After apartheid ended in South Africa its constitution included a list of basic rights the government should provide to all of its citizens. These rights include affordable housing, clean drinking water, sanitation, waste collection, and public transit options in large cities. Along with these codified rights, local governments were given more power and resources to...

Moving toward green mobility: three countries, three different paths

Transport

Current transportation technologies and behaviors are major contributors to pollution, traffic congestion, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Globally, 23% of GHG emissions come from the transportation sector. As countries seek to reduce their GHG emissions, many are rethinking their approach to transport. While seeing access to transport as a right, three...

CBA Guatemala: Adapting to Climate Change through the Application of Green Forest Borders

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Rural

Indigenous people are often the most affected by climate change due to their reliance on the land and traditional way of life. In the Northwest of Guatemala, the Mayan Mam are an indigenous group who suffer as climate variability affects the ecosystem they rely on. Events such as erratic rainfall and droughts, hurricanes, and landslides have life-changing impacts on...

Paving the way for success: a comprehensive participatory process for NDC implementation in Peru

In Peru, a multi-sectoral working group has been established as a key part of the country’s model to implement the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The NDC Multi-Sectoral Working Group (GTM-NDC, for its acronym in Spanish: Grupo de Trabajo Multisectorial) was officially formed early 2017and consists of 13 ministries and the National Centre of Strategic Planning...

Integrating urban agriculture and forestry into climate change action plans: Lessons from Sri Lanka

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Forestry and Land-Use

Urban

Sri Lanka is an island nation off of the Southern coast of India. Sri Lanka is home to approximately 21 million people and is rapidly urbanizing, especially in the Western province where 6 million people live on 5% of the country’s land area. This urbanization has caused a number of problems on the local ecosystem, the agricultural sector, and rapid growth in greenhouse...

Private conservation agreements support climate action: Ecuador’s Socio Bosque programme

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Ecuador is a developing nation with a large agricultural sector. The agricultural sector continues to contribute to Ecuador’s economic growth but also leads to deforestation. While climate change is of great concern to the country, ecosystem conservation is an immediate need. Seeking to participate in the international Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest...

A new direction in climate compatible development: Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium

Forestry and Land-Use

Indonesia has large mining, agriculture, and timber industries. These industries often require large swaths of land cleared, resulting in large-scale deforestation. Concerned with deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, the president of Indonesia placed a 2-year moratorium on permits for new land-use in forest and peatland regions. The goal of this moratorium was to...

A local vision of climate adaptation: Participatory urban planning in Mozambique

Disaster Risk Reduction

Health

Poverty

Urban

Waste Management

Water

Maputo is the capital city of Mozambique. It is located on the coast in a bay of the Indian ocean. It has a population of 1.1 million people and is the most densely populated city in Mozambique. Maputo is divided into two parts, the more affluent ‘cement city’ containing the newest developments and paved roads, and the poorer bairros. Though the majority of population...

Building resilience to climate change through indigenous knowledge: The case of Bolivia

Disaster Risk Reduction

Within Bolivia there are 36 indigenous groups with over 5 million people which account for approximately 60% of the country’s population. Each indigenous group has their own traditions and customs stemming from their histories. Often, indigenous knowledge includes specific and detailed knowledge of the climate they live in. With the progression of climate change and...

Working together for REDD+: Developing a national readiness strategy in Tanzania

Forestry and Land-Use

Tanzania is a country in Eastern Africa with a population of approximately 57 million people. Tanzania has one of the largest forest covers of any country accounting for over 38% of its landmass. The plentifulness of forests has led to heavy reliance on their harvesting for building materials, farmland, and energy. Roughly 95% of Tanzania’s energy is derived from wood...

Harnessing market mechanisms to promote sustainable development: Lessons from China

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Integrated Energy Systems

Jobs and Livelihoods

Renewable Energy

The effects of climate change and pollution threaten major Chinese industries and could reverse years of growth in their economy. As one way to combat climate change China signed the Kyoto protocol in 1997. The Kyoto protocol established emissions goals for each country and an emissions trading market. Countries that failed to meet their emissions goals could purchase...

Analyzing vulnerability: a multi-dimensional approach from Colombia’s Upper Cauca River Basin

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Rural

Water

Agriculture accounts for 10-14% of Colombia’s gross domestic product and nearly 20% of their employment. Top commodities include bananas, sugar, and green coffee. Of their agricultural products, 25 of the most important crops and 83% of their agricultural lands are threatened by climate change. The Upper Cauca River Basin is in particular danger as it is involved in the...

Building coastal resilience through an integrated approach: Lessons from Ghana

Disaster Risk Reduction

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Coastal zones are some of the most vulnerable areas affected by extreme weather events and climate change. In Ghana national policy has targeted activities towards protecting coastal regions, but their efforts have not traditionally included local knowledge. This has led to poor outcomes and flawed programs that did not adequately serve the needs of the communities they...

Advancing green growth in the tourism sector: The case of Hue, Vietnam

Industry

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Transport

Urban

The city of Hue, Vietnam has a population of 340,000, but each year it welcomes 2.5 million tourists. Tourism represents 48% of the city’s gross domestic product, but also acts as a significant drain on natural resources. The government of Vietnam has begun searching for ways to make tourism sustainable and ecologically clean, without harming the tourism industry...

Climate compatible development at the regional level in Mexico: The Yucatan Peninsula Accord

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Forestry and Land-Use

Oceans and Coastal Resources

The Yucatan Peninsula has a diverse set of political goals that include the protection of indigenous people, the tourism industry, fossil fuel development, and forest management. Three states including: Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo have diverse political interests, but shared vulnerabilities to climate change. In 2010 the three states signed the first sub-...

Opportunities for climate-compatible coastal tourism: Lessons from Belize

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Industry

Jobs and Livelihoods

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Water

Belize is a developing nation with a large tourism industry. Like many developing nations, it is heavily dependent on harvesting natural resources and tourism for its economy. Coastal regions are tourism centers but are also the most at risk from the negative impacts of climate change such as flooding and storm surges. Besides climate change, coastal zones are prime...

Building resilience to climate change locally: The case of Valenzuela City, Metro Manilla

Disaster Risk Reduction

Poverty

Urban

Valenzuela is a city in the capital region of the Philippines. It is highly urbanized with a population of approximately 570,000 people. Valenzuela sits between three rivers: the Tullahan, the Polo, and the Meycauayan. Since the 1980s Valenzuela has experienced regular flooding and storm surges during the rainy season. Flooding can result in standing water for weeks...

Transforming India into a solar power leader

Industry

Jobs and Livelihoods

Renewable Energy

Rural

Urban

India faces significant challenges in its energy supply. The population of India is about 1.1 billion while approximately 400 million people and 28 million households lacked access to electricity in 2011. To meet growing energy demand in a sustainable manner the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was launched in 2009. This mission sought for: solar power to achieve...

Achieving development goals with renewable energy: the case of Tanzania

Renewable Energy

Rural

Urban

Tanzania is a developing country that is turning to more renewable energy sources to address some of its biggest energy concerns. Currently only 14% of the country is electrified and this drops to 2% in rural areas. About 40% of the electricity is generated through hydroelectricity which becomes unreliable during droughts, which are expected to increase in frequency and...

Future Proofing and Indian City: Lessons from Madurai

Disaster Risk Reduction

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Poverty

Urban

Waste Management

Water

Madurai is a city in the South of India built on the banks of the river Vaigai with a population of about 1.5 million people. Due to the city’s location and geography it is vulnerable to extreme weather events. As weather events have worsened due to climate change more attention is being paid at the national and local level to “future proof” the city. Of high interest...

CBA Guatemala Tree Nursery Activities for Reforestation in the Taltimiche Plains (APRODIC)

Forestry and Land-Use

Rural

The village Taltimiche is located in the San Marcos Guatemalan Highlands. Recent years have seen an increase of the violent storm events that cause floods, mudslides, and erosion. In 2005 Hurricane Stan destroyed most of the community’s land in an extreme case. Climate change is exacerbating weather events such as torrential storms, droughts, longer summer seasons with...

Catalyzing sustainable tourism: The case of Chiang Mai, Thailand

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Transport

Urban

Chiang Mai is one of the fastest growing cities in Thailand with an economy heavily tied to tourism. As the city grew increases in air and water pollution posed significant threats to health and the growing tourism industry there. Thailand introduced the non-motorized transport system that both reduced emissions and encouraged job opportunities for the urban poor...

Understanding and addressing risks of flooding in the city: The case of Barangay Potrero, Metro Manila

Disaster Risk Reduction

Health

Poverty

Urban

Waste Management

Water

Malabon City is one of the most densely populated cities in the Philippines and is prone to heavy flooding due to its topology. Malabon City and the surrounding regions have experienced rapid growth. The areas surrounding the river previously were used for agriculture and fishing but have become industrial and housing zones while remaining the most prone to flooding. In...

Renewable energy solutions for Punjab’s industrial sector: Evaluating the NAMA approach in Sialkot City, Pakistan

Industry

Jobs and Livelihoods

Urban

Sialkot City is one of Pakistan’s largest industrial hubs with a largely export-focused industry. However, many of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operate below maximum capacity due to high energy prices and irregular energy availability. To supplement low energy availability, diesel generators are often used. These generators are both more expensive than...

Impacts of Climate Change on the Coastal Zone of Mexico: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach in the Gulf of Mexico to Support Coastal Zone Management Legislation

Ecosystem Adaptation

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Water

Coastal zones like the coast of Mexico are vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Rising sea levels threaten infrastructure and financial investments while storms and weather events threaten communities and lives. Mexico has over 11,000 km of coast areas that previously had no nationally administered adaptation strategy for climate change vulnerabilities. In 2008...

Distributing the benefits from REDD+: The case of Vietnam

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Vietnam has engaged in reforestation programs since the 1980’s. The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) program began in 2005 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UN-REDD program assists countries by granting financial awards to applicants to conduct their own REDD+ programs. In 2008 Vietnam had...

The case for Evergreen Agriculture in Africa: Enhancing food security with climate change adaptation and mitigation in Zambia

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Zambia is a developing country with a rapidly growing population but strained food supply. Like many other developing countries, Zambia depends on local food production. However, Zambia is known to have low crop yields with an average of 1.1 tons of maize (a significant commercial crop) per hectare compared to other cereals which yield between 2.5-4.5 tons per hectare...

Supporting the subnational development of renewable energy – Lessons from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Renewable Energy

Water

West Nusa Tenggara is a province of Indonesia facing severe energy shortages. The province contains 10 districts and municipalities spread across a large geographic region with a mountainous topology that makes electricity transmission expensive. The current grid has about 14 MW of generation capacity at central power generating stations. The government of Indonesia has...

Mainstreaming climate resiliency into government: The Philippines Climate Change Act

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Rural

Urban

The Philippines is an island nation with high vulnerability to climate change. 70% of cities in the Philippines are coastal and many of its industries are highly resource intensive. In response to extreme weather events, to deal with rising concern, and to build a national framework for supporting climate change mitigation efforts in 2009 the Climate Change Act was...

Climate-smart agriculture: learning from three agro-ecological regions of Nepal

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Forestry and Land-Use

Gender

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Rural

Agriculture is a major economic driver in the country of Nepal. Approximately 75% of the country’s employment and 25% of its gross domestic product comes from the agriculture sector. Farming is also vulnerable to extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, erosion, and hot and cold waves that are becoming more common with climate change. Adding to the country’s...

Climate change and flood risk: Challenges for Jamaican towns and communities

Disaster Risk Reduction

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Water

Jamaica has much of its infrastructure in coastal areas and floodplains. The Meteorological Office of Jamaica has produced computer models, hazard maps, and resources for decision makers of flood-prone regions. These resources were, before the project, based on static climate models and were becoming inadequate for current and future climate predictions. This project...

Going after adaptation co-benefits: A REDD+ programme in Fiji

Forestry and Land-Use

Small island developing states (SIDS) are especially vulnerable to sea-level rise and extreme weather events. Fiji is an island nation in the South Pacific of about 7,000 square miles and a population of approximately 1 million people. Because islands of this size produce so little greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) climate change adaptation, rather than mitigation,...

Making renewable energy affordable: The South African Renewables Initiative

Renewable Energy

South Africa has a growing economy that has previously produced up to 95% of its electricity from coal. South Africa also produces 40% of Africa’s electricity through coal making its state-run utility the tenth largest in the world. Seeking to manage the budget, the government of South Africa has been reducing subsidies to coal production and coal-based electricity...

Acting on Climate Vulnerability: Lessons and Best Practices from Quito, Ecuador

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Rural

Urban

Quito is the capital city of Ecuador with a population of 2.7 million and an area of 143 square miles. Quito is particularly vulnerable to climate change and since 2009 has been pioneering programs to mitigate the effects of climate change. Quito’s programs have been expanded nationwide due to their success and are viewed as a model for other countries. Quito’s efforts...

Bhutan’s National Transport Policy: Inclusive planning for a low carbon future

Poverty

Transport

Bhutan has a population of approximately 784,000 and a per capita GDP of $2,569 in 2014. Bhutan has seen an explosion of personal vehicle ownership and demand for transportation in the past two decades. In 2006 Bhutan released its first “National Transport Policy” document. In 2017, in response to the United Nations Development Program, Bhutan released an updated...

Strengthening Climate Resilience: The Case of Grenada

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Jobs and Livelihoods

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Water

Grenada is an island nation with a land area of approximately 350 km2 and a population of approximately 100,000 people. Grenada is highly vulnerable to climate change and has relatively low financial or technical capacity to prevent it. It is estimated that by 2050 climate change could cost the country $800 million which would be devastating to its economy and quality...

From vulnerability to resilience: Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

In Niger in the 60s and 70s it was common practice to clear farmland of all trees with the goal of maximizing crop yields. This led to deforestation and desertification throughout the country. It was found that a certain number of trees per hectare helped protect the soil quality and prevent erosion and desertification. Multiple attempts to restore trees to a region and...

Pioneering renewable energy options: Thailand takes up the challenge

Jobs and Livelihoods

Renewable Energy

Rural

The Thai people and government have long been supportive of renewable energy and have been some of the earliest adopters of renewable technologies in Asia. Thailand currently imports about 50% of its bulk energy, often in the form of fossil fuels. Thailand is devoted to more sustainable and independent energy production and since 1992 has enacted programs to encourage...

Index-based livestock insurance: The case of Mongolia

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Forestry and Land-Use

Jobs and Livelihoods

Access to insurance can have a disproportionate effect on developing economies. Often, the risk of catastrophic property damage most affects the poorest people which disincentivizes them to make capital investments that could improve their economic status. One example is livestock insurance. In Mongolia, livestock has traditionally not been insurable. Mongolia also...

The Subnational Integration of the Vietnam Green Growth Strategy

Industry

Transport

Urban

The economy of Vietnam is heavily dependent on the exploitation of natural resources to create high-intensity products such as steel and concrete. Seeking to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, increase air quality, and preserve natural resources, the Vietnam government has created the Vietnam Green Growth Strategy (VGGS). The stated objective of the VGGS is...

Catalyzing Enterprises in Peru

Industry

Peru is a rapidly developing economy with a nationally developed plan called Peru’s Planning for Climate Change (PLCC). Its industries rely heavily on natural resources and require high amounts of energy for steel manufacturing, component manufacturing, textiles, etc. Peru is unique because the majority (99.5%) of its registered businesses are small and medium sized...

Seizing the Sunshine: Barbados’ thriving solar water heater industry

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Barbados is an island nation in the Caribbean. Before 1970 Barbados relied on oil imports for 95% of all its energy needs including space and water heating. As oil prices rose 300% in the 70’s, Barbados sought to diversify its energy mixture. Water heating is energy intensive using 2 MWh per household annually. Barbados has large solar resources making solar water...

Scaling up risk transfer mechanisms for climate vulnerable agriculture-based communities in Mindanao, Philippines

Agriculture

The Philippines is one of the most natural disaster-prone countries in the Asia-Pacific. Climate change projections indicate an increase in vulnerability, particularly in terms of unpredictable rainfall patterns.This puts the livelihood of farmers and food security in the Philippines at risk, especially on the island of Mindanao, also known as the “food basket” of the...

Uganda’s National Transport Master Plan: Potential for low carbon development

Transport

Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world and stands to be disproportionally affected by rising global temperatures and climate change. Recognizing this, international aid and domestic policy have been working together for decades to develop the economy of the country. In 2009 Uganda’s National Transport Plan was published. This document has not been updated...

Dar es Salaam - First Bus Rapid Transit System in Eastern Africa

Transport

Urban

The Government of Tanzania intends to establish, operate and manage a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, which is a cost effective sustainable transportation system for Dar es Salaam City to ensure fast and orderly flow of traffic on urban streets and roads. The Dar es Salaam BRT project follows the current land use plan that shows an extension of planned residential areas...

Germany´s Climate Action Plan 2050: Inolving traditional stakeholders and the broader public to develop concrete implementation measures

In 2013, Germany’s newly elected government decided to define an emissions reduction pathway with a final target of 80 to 95 percent lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to the 1990 baseline by 2050 and, to that end, develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP). Because of the envisioned societal consequences, the new government decided to develop the CAP in a participatory...

Strategies Mainstreaming of Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) In Vietnam

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Water

The project ”Strategic mainstreaming of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in Vietnam” provides the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment with technical support to systematically integrate innovative ecosystem-based solutions into national and local adaptation planning. To that end it offers capacity training to stakeholders at both the national and provincial...

Building Local Scientific Capacities For the NAP Process in Senegal

The implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAP) can be effectively used for building and strengthening local technical and scientific capacities, as has been proven by Senegal. Through a science-based support project for Senegal’s National Adaptation Plan processes (PAS-PNA), the NAP process shall be based on a sound scientific information basis by strengthening...

Implementing National Climate Policies Through Subnational Climate Action in Chile

Over the past years Chile introduced two innovative solutions to coordinate subnational action to adapt to climate change: Regional Committees on Climate Change (CORECCs for their acronym in Spanish) and regional GHG inventories. The CORECCs have been developed in the context of Chile’s National Action Plan on Climate Change 2017-2022. They are chaired by the regional...

Integrating Adaptation Monitoring and Reporting Into Extisting Information Systems in Morocco

The main objective of Morocco’s comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system for adaptation is to provide the country’s various regions with an easily accessible instrument to control, analyze and visualize climate-related data and actions. More specifically, Morocco’s M&E system pursues three objectives: i) monitor & evaluate the vulnerability of...

Market-Making for Low Carbon Technologies / The Ujala Scheme in India

Energy Efficiency

The UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) programme was initiated by the Indian Ministry of Power in 2014 to reduce national energy consumption (and thereby CO2 emissions) by increasing the market penetration of energy-efficient LED bulbs. To stimulate demand for LED bulbs, the Indian public sector company Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL) took measures to...

The Grid: Integrating high shares of variable renewable energy into the grid: lessons from the world leader / Denmark Implementation Measures

Denmark is the global forerunner in the deployment of wind energy for electricity generation and one of the world’s leaders in the deployment of renewable energies. Several factors have beencrucial to ensure this leading position in the wind energy sector. First, the Danish government adopted ambitious and legally binding renewable energy targets,energy support schemes...

Implementing a national energy efficiency programme

Energy Efficiency

China’s mandatory energy conservation target-setting policy for large energy users, known as the Top-10,000 programme was introduced in 2011, as an expansion of its successful predecessor, the Top 1,000 programme which operated between 2006 and 2010. The Top-10,000 programme now covers two thirds of China's total energy consumption and aims to save 250 million tonne of...

Web-based GHG Management System of the Republic of Korea

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Transport

Waste Management

The step-wise evolution of the GHG and Energy Target Management System (TMS) of the Republic of Korea, launched in 2010, has grown to cover 840 industrial installations, otherwise known as controlled entities (CEs). In 2013, the TMS instituted a web-based GHG Management System (NGMS) based on a common reporting framework that includes provisions for built-in...

Institutional Arrangements for the National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory System

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

In response to international reporting requirements, Germany set up a national GHG inventory system in 2007. The system is coordinated by the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) and builds on cooperation with a range of government and non-government entities. A particular feature of the system is the industry cooperation agreements signed between the German government and...

Integrating gender targets into LEDS and NAMAs

Energy Efficiency

Gender

Renewable Energy

In 2012, Bhutan launched its Carbon Neutral Strategy (CNS) as a follow-up to the carbon neutral commitments pledged by the government during the Copenhagen UNFCCC-COP15 meeting in 2009. With the support of the UNDP Low-Emission Capacity Building Programme, the government is undertaking the design of NAMAs, LEDS and MRV across a number of key sectors including: transport...

Building a comprehensive national MRV framework

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Transport

Waste Management

Mexico has shown international leadership in developing legislation, policy and programmes to support its transition to a low carbon economy. A general law on climate change was recently approved and a long term climate change strategy is under implementation, together with a multi-stakeholder approach to develop an institutional MRV framework to support NAMAs and LEDS...

Inclusive and Technically Sound INDC Development Process in Chile

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

Chilean President Michelle Bachelet launched Chile’s preparation process for its INDC at the UN Climate Summit in New York, in September 2014. The final INDC was officially submitted in September 2015 1 and contains an unconditional target of 30% reduction of GHG emissions-intensity of GDP compared to 2007 levels by 2030, complemented by a conditional target (35–45%...

Designing a vertically-integrated, transit orientated development NAMA

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Transport

Waste Management

In Colombia, the transport sector is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions and urban areas increasingly suffer from traffic congestion and road safety concerns. The Colombian Transit Oriented Development (TOD) NAMA aims to address these issues by demonstrating how integrating urban planning and transport development in a city can reduce traffic growth...

Integrated research and scenario building for LEDS development

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Transport

Waste Management

The Mitigation Action Plans and Scenarios (MAPS) process grew out of the experience of developing the South African Long Term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS) during 2006-2008. The approach focuses on understanding how change happens in systems while recognizing the soft science of policy shifts and strategy development. Developing high quality technical analysis with local...

Coordinating institutions for LEDS and NAMA development

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Building on its 2009 pledge to reduce national GHG emissions (by 26% in 2020) and a subsequent climate change action plan published in 2011, Indonesia has made substantial progress in strengthening its capacity and institutional framework for delivering effective climate change mitigation. A key part of this institutional architecture is the Climate Change National...

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Transport

The EU ETS was established in 2003 by a Directive of the European Parliament and the European Council, and came into operation in 2005. It is the cornerstone of EU policy towards combatting climate change by reducing GHG emissions cost-effectively. It is the first multinational cap-and-trade system at the level of installations and covers 45% of GHG emissions of the EU...

Burkina Faso Biomass Energy NAMA

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Transport

Waste Management

The NAMA aims to reduce emissions associated with biomass use and respective deforestation e.g. for thermal energy use in the commercial sector by distributing more energy efficient cook stoves for traditional beer brewing and the production of Shea butter and sumbala. 1 In three phases, the NAMA will target i) productive energy use, ii) domestic energy use, iii)...

Promoting Induction Cooking in Ecuador

Agriculture

Since 2007, Ecuador has been working on strategies to improve energy efficiency, mainly in the residential sector. In 2014, Ecuador started implementing the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Substitution Programme (PEC) 1 that contains, as a central component, the introduction of induction cookers across the country. The PEC is closely aligned with Ecuador’s development...

An Integrated National Climate Policy in Mexico

Forestry and Land-Use

Mexico is the first developing country to have implemented a climate change law. Approved in 2012, and based on several years of experience in the field, the law provides a climate change policy framework and sets the ground for (1) the establishment of an institutional arrangement, involving all relevant stakeholders and levels (national and subnational) in a national...

Transformational Change: Danish 100% Renewable Energy Policy

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

Danish energy policy mandates the complete phase-out of fossil fuels in the energy supply by 2050. In the long term, electricity, heating, industry and transport energy are to be provided entirely by renewable sources. In the medium term, the 2012 Energy Agreement sets targets of 35% renewable energy in final energy consumption, approximately 50% of electricity...

Implementing a national energy efficiency program

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

The Vietnam Energy Efficiency Program (VNEEP) is a ten year program, which was approved in April 2006 by the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. It is a targeted national program and the first-ever comprehensive plan to institute measures for improving energy efficiency and conservation across all sectors of the Vietnamese economy. The overall aim of...

Developing municipal level mitigation action plans

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Georgia, a country with 4.5 million inhabitants, is currently developing a national low emission development strategy. At the local level, Covenant of Mayor signatory cities are planning to make significant contributions to this strategy and Georgia’s national mitigation efforts. Of the seven current signatories to the EU Covenant of Mayors (CoM) in Georgia, four have...

Collaboration to prioritise and select mitigation actions

Transport

To identify and prioritize promising concepts for developing into NAMA proposals, the Lebanese Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the UNDP Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme engaged a range of national stakeholders and international experts to discuss and prioritize NAMA concepts based on a collaboratively designed selection process. The approach,...

Prioritising mitigation and adaptation options as part of the development of a National Climate Change Action Plan

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

Throughout 2011-12 the government of Kenya undertook a prioritisation process to identify actions to deliver its National Climate Change Response Strategy published in 2010. The process resulted in the Kenyan National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) and included specific mitigation and adaptation challenges to be incorporated into the climate related policies, plans...

Collaborating to align data, information and mitigation actions

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Transport

Waste Management

With an economic and development model closely linked to fossil fuel use, Tunisia’s growth in recent decades has led to a marked increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Recognising the need to address climate change, the country has proceeded to pursue various strategies, plans and activities to promote renewable energy and climate protection while at the same time...

100% Renewable Energy Targets in the Pacific Islands

Renewable Energy

In May 2012, Ministers representing a group of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) agreed to the Barbados Declaration, which included a declaration on renewable energy targets by Pacific Island Countries (PICs), seven of which declared an ambitious target to generate 100% of their electricity from renewable technologies. The Cook Islands, Niue and Tuvalu have set...

Developing renewable energy targets and supporting strategies

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

Over the years India has successfully created a positive outlook necessary to promote investment in, demand for, and supply of, renewable energy. India’s strategy on renewable energy is driven by the objectives of energy access and energy security, aided by the increasing concerns of climate change and grounded in existing policy making processes. It has evolved over...

National Green Growth Strategy of South Korea

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

In 2008 Korea announced ‘Low Carbon, Green Growth’ as its vision for mid-to long-term development (2009-2050) together with a voluntary target of 30% reduction of GHG emissions from the business as usual scenario by 2020. To implement this vision, it launched a National Green Growth Strategy in 2009 along with the countries’ Five Year Plan (FYP) for 2009-2013. One of...

Stakeholder Involvement and the Consideration of Co-benefits in the Preparation of the Dominican Republic’s INDC

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

The Dominican Republic is highly committed to combatting climate change, as can be seen by the high level of political leadership on climate change, where the President leads the “National Council on Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism” (NCCC-CDM). The Council developed the National Climate Compatible Development Plan (CCDP) in 2011, which outlines the...

Limiting Coal Consumption in China

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

In 2014, China launched the New Energy Development Strategic Action Plan (NEDSAP 2014–2020) setting a target to limit coal consumption at 4.2 Gt/year by 2020, which is estimated to represent 62% of the energy mix. The Plan is a Low Emission Development Strategy designed through a country-driven process and rooted in China’s priorities, such as improving local air...

Quantifying Benefits from Large-Scale Wind Power in Kenya

Health

Integrated Energy Systems

Jobs and Livelihoods

Renewable Energy

With the development of the 310-MW Lake Turkana Wind Power Project (LTWP), Kenya supported its sustainability and socioeconomic development goals. The LTWP added substantial electricity generating capacity and helped diversify Kenya’s electricity supply, which is currently largely dependent on hydropower and fossil fuels. Other benefits of the LTWP include reducing...

Linking LEDS and NAMA in the Livestock Sector

Industry

Transport

According to Costa Rica’s last national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory (2010), the livestock sector is the second largest emitting source, being responsible for 23.6% of national GHG emissions. To support creating a more eco-competitive livestock sector, Costa Rica is implementing three closely-related initiatives in parallel in an integrated process to improve...

Developing a public-private carbon management program

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Transport

Waste Management

The Chilean national carbon management programme (PNGC, due to its name in Spanish) is a government led initiative seeking to integrate public and private efforts for the reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local mitigation actions. It functions as a tool for public and private entities aiming to measure GHG emissions, monitor carbon footprints and identify...

Making Progress on President Obama’s Climate Action Plan

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Waste Management

In 2013, President Obama announced the Climate Action Plan (CAP), the first comprehensive plan of the United States to address climate change. The CAP outlines 75 climate-related goals and respective actions that are subsumed under three pillars: mitigation, adaptation and international cooperation. There has been marked progress on many items in the CAP over the last...

Developing an integrated forestry sector MRV system

Industry

Transport

The National Forest Monitoring System is a national MRV system, currently under development, aimed at improving the coordination and organisation amongst different institutions involved in the forestry sector in Costa Rica, in order to generate quality and verifiable information for different purposes. The National Forest Monitoring System builds on Costa Rica’s Payment...

Integrating waste management and renewable energy planning

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Transport

Waste Management

Driven by concerns of energy security high dependence on imported fuels and environmental pollution due to improper waste disposal, Thailand has placed increasing emphasis on waste-to-energy options through its 10-year Renewable and Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP 2012-21). The plan presents a target of a 25% contribution of renewable and alternative energy...

Ghana’s Ambitious Climate Reporting Program

Energy Efficiency

Industry

In 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI) launched the Ghana Climate Ambitious Reporting Program (G-CARP) following the Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC decision to enhance climate reporting. The G-CARP aims to facilitate the setting up of an integrated climate data...

An integrated MRV system in South Africa

Transport

Waste Management

South Africa is among the leaders in its development of a comprehensive MRV system that is integrated into national monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes, tuned to international Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) requirements. The monitoring encompasses the whole of MRV process, and the evaluation component provides “continuous assessment and feedback”...

Planning for climate change in Peru

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

PlanCC (Planning for Climate Change) is a joint initiative of the Peruvian public and private sectors together with civil society and academia with the aim to analyse the feasibility of transitioning to a low-carbon economy. The process is organized in three phases including: (1) developing mitigation options and long-term scenarios for 2021 and 2050; (2) designing...

Coordinating national climate change action

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

Over the years, the Philippines has significantly overhauled its climate policy framework, from a number of stand-alone laws passed during 1997-2008, to the current comprehensive, nationally integrated climate policy architecture guided by the 2009 Climate Change Act (CCA). The CCA calls for the systematic integration of climate change in various phases of policy...

Implementing prevention and control policies for reducing deforestation

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Waste Management

Since 2004, the Brazilian government has been implementing the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAm) aimed at reducing illegal cutting of forests and based on a three pillared strategy which includes: (i) territorial and land-use planning, (ii) environmental control and monitoring, and (iii) fostering sustainable production...

Initiative and Innovation in the Norwegian INDC Preparation

Energy Efficiency

Transport

On 26 March 2015, Norway was the third government after Switzerland and the European Union to officially submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC. Like the EU, Norway announced an emission reduction target at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. The target is economy-wide and covers 100% of national GHG emissions. Being among the first...

Developing an INDC Aligning National and Sectoral Policy Objectives

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Urban

Waste Management

The development of Morocco’s INDC was based on a comprehensive technical and political process involving key stakeholders in the country. The INDC builds on the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) as well as several other national and sectoral strategies, including the Moroccan Solar Plan, the National Energy Strategy, the National Strategy to Combat...

Design and implementation of a climate resilient green economy strategy

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Health

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

The Ethiopia Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy was published in 2011, based on the vision set by the late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. The vision is for Ethiopia to develop a climate-resilient green economy and to attain middle-income status by 2025. The country plans to follow a green economy pathway that fosters sustainable development. The CRGE is based...

Transforming the Energy Sector in Uruguay

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Waste Management

Before the implementation of the new energy policy, and despite not having oil, natural gas or coal reserves, Uruguay had a significant presence of fossil fuels in its energy matrix, amounting to 56% in the period 2001–2006 (Méndez, 2014). In 2005, renewable energy sources had a share of 37% in the energy supply matrix. This was as the country was using almost its total...

An Inter-sectoral Approach to Jordan’s INDC Process

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

The preparation of Jordan’s INDC began in January 2015 and the INDC was submitted in September 2015. Jordan’s INDC preparation process built on existing processes, national policies, institutions and streamlining the flow of information. A four-step approach, which included a series of workshops and ministerial engagements, was initiated and led to the cooperation of...

Developing a National Climate Compatible Development Plan (CCDP)

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Industry

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

The Dominican Republic, through the leadership of the President’s Office, developed a Climate Compatible Development Plan (CCDP) that presents a roadmap to double the size of the economy in twenty years while at the same time cutting emissions by half (a reduction of around 18 MtCO2e). The Plan was endorsed and launched by the President in September 2011 and presented...

Mobilizing a local green economy – GreenCape in the Western Cape, South Africa

Energy Efficiency

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Through its work across government, business, and academia, GreenCape has contributed to realizing significant private sector investment and employment in green business, technologies, and manufacturing in South Africa’s Western Cape province. This case study illustrates the sector development agency model and the specific approach used by GreenCape, with some key...

Calibrating feed-in tariffs to spur renewable energy deployment in Malaysia

Renewable Energy

In 2011 Malaysia pushed forward with the New Energy Policy to spur renewable energy and energy efficiency development in the country. The policy has been considered largely effective and led the country to adopt a renewable energy capacity target of 11% by 2020. The New Energy policy included a few key features; market-based energy pricing approaches, establishing...

Crafting energy efficiency policies for commercial buildings in South Africa

Energy Efficiency

In 2005, South Africa undertook efforts to increase energy efficiency while maintaining strong economic growth, as described by their National Energy Efficiency Strategy . By focusing on target industries, South Africa aims to foster economic progress without increasing carbon emissions and energy consumption. Through a strategic partnership with the Clean Energy...

Gender in Mitigation Actions

Gender

"To effectively, efficiently, and equitably respond to climate change, countries must develop gender-responsive mitigation and adaptation strategies—not least because women are among those disproportionately and adversely affected by climate change and are seldom included in relevant decision-making processes to identify and implement solutions. Mitigation actions are...

Assessing the benefits of clean energy policies in Bangladesh

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Work under the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Catalyzing Clean Energy in Bangladesh (CCEB) program has shown that clean energy can provide Bangladesh with not only cost-effective greenhouse gas mitigation, but also affordable electricity, and the same could hold true for countries in similar circumstances. The analysis was based on modeling...

Climate action planning in Cartagena, Colombia

A Competitive and Climate Compatible Cartagena (Plan 4C) positions Cartagena as the first coastal city in Colombia to have a long term vision and a framework of planning and action to achieve climate compatible development by 2040. It provides definitive responses with which to deal with the challenge of climate change through concrete strategies and actions to promote...

Ukraine National energy efficiency action plan implementation

Energy Efficiency

Ukraine is facing unprecedented energy security challenges as a result of ongoing geopolitical and financial crises. Improving energy efficiency across the economy could strengthen energy security by decreasing the country’s reliance on fossil fuel imports, reduce pressure on public budgets that have historically shouldered billions of euros a year in energy subsidies (...

Microfinance for solar home systems in Bangladesh

Renewable Energy

"The Bangladesh solar home systems program, pioneered by nongovernmental organizations such as Grameen Shakti and supported by the government’s Infrastructure Development Company Ltd., has developed a dealer network providing a marketing, microcredit, and after sales service to enable rural households to buy renewable energy systems for lighting and mobile phone...

Sri Lanka Climate Fund

The Sri Lanka Climate Fund (SLCF) is a public private partnership under the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. The SLCF helps enhance the access to climate finance by providing fundraising services to firm working on climate change mitigation and adaptation projects; develops proposals and manages climate change mitigation and adaptation projects;...

Designing and building sustainable homes in Argentina

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

The objective is the reduction of energy consumption, peak demand and greenhouse gas emissions related to the social housing sector in Argentina through setting standards and technological guidelines of energy efficiency and renewable energy in the construction of new housing development. Results: Average reduction of 30% of energy consumption and greenhouse gas...

Opportunities identified for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in industrial sectors in Egypt

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Industry

Egypt's Low-Carbon Economy Strategy aims to redirect the country's economy towards investments in clean technology. In this context, the industrial sector is an increasingly important sector with respect to climate change mitigation. Based on current trends, it is estimated that by 2030, GHG emissions in important national industries such as cement, fertiliser, and iron...

Georgia's electricity market model

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

Georgia is making strides toward low emission sustainable economic development. The country’s long-term (20-year) climate objectives, as laid out in the 2010 National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of Georgia , include implementing measures for adaptation to climate change and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Through the EC-LEDS program, Georgia and the United...

1000 MW Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park in Pakistan

Renewable Energy

The Government of Punjab, under the vision of Chief Minister Shahbaz Shariff, has dedicated 6500 acres of land near Lal Sohanra, Cholistan, Bahawalpur for the purpose of establishing a 1000 MW Solar Park for solar energy electricity generation. This is an initiative of Government of the Punjab (GoPb), Pakistan to reduce reliance on fossil fuels in generation of...

Enhancing capacity for data-driven clean energy development and green growth in Thanh Hoa, Vietnam

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

Vietnam’s National Green Growth Strategy establishes a vision for advancing low emission, climate resilient development and encourages all Vietnamese provinces to develop their own green growth action plans. Thanh Hoa, a province located along Vietnam’s north central coast and a priority region for economic growth, is an early leader in developing a green growth action...

Low carbon pathways toward sustainability: The experience of Bogor City

Transport

Urban

This 'Inside story on climate compatible development' from the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) looks at how, since 2013, the Urban Low Emission Development Strategies (Urban-LEDS) project has offered Bogor City an opportunity to integrate low carbon strategies not just in the transport sector but in its local development plans, supporting the city’s...

Zambia Development Impact Assessment

The Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection led an inclusive multi-stakeholder process in collaboration with the Centre for Energy, Environment, and Engineering of Zambia (CEEEZ) to assess co-benefits of INDC mitigation actions using the Development Impacts Assessment (DIA) visual tool , developed in collaboration with the LEDS Global...

Reforestation in South Korea achieves almost pre-war era status

Forestry and Land-Use

As a result of conflict and war during the first half of the 20 th century in South Korea, a large portion of forests were degraded and depleted, predominantly due to excessive harvesting of timber for fuel. By the mid 1950s, South Korea’s forestry regions were less than half of the pre-war era. The government of South Korea initiated a nationwide campaign to educate...

Indonesia calculates GDP of the poor in fight against climate change

Jobs and Livelihoods

Poverty

Rural

Indonesia took a key step towards its ambitious goal of transitioning towards a green economy. The country tested a new model that shows policymakers how their development decisions can help or hinder the green transition. The Indonesia Green Economy Model (I-GEM) also shows how development interventions can affect the incomes of poor people who are largely reliant on...

Mainstreaming climate finance into Papua New Guinea’s national budget

Under Papua New Guinea's Climate Compatible Development Policy the country is seeking to "ensure continuous climate financing from government and simultaneously mobilize additional funding from multilateral, bilateral and private sector for the collective benefit of all as well as coordinate on how to effectively manage them.” Seven strategies are being pursued to...

Morocco solar program

Renewable Energy

Morocco has launched one of the world’s largest and most ambitious solar energy plan with investment of USD 9billion. The Moroccan Solar Plan is regarded as a milestone on the country’s path towards a secure and sustainable energy supply which is clean, green and affordable. The aim of the plan is to generate 2,000 megawatts (or 2 gigawatts) of solar power by the year...

Renewable energy financing facility in Ukraine

Renewable Energy

The objective of the Renewable Energy Program is to help demonstrate that clean energy projects can be successful in Ukraine while helping to reduce risks for future investors and also addressing some of the early entrant barriers related to establishing precedents and reducing costs. This program has been allocated US$75 million of Clean Technology Fund (CTF) resources...

China’s Ocean Energy Development Strategies

Renewable Energy

Oceans and Coastal Resources

China has set ambitious targets for renewable energy generation and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 64%–70% below 2005 levels by 2030. To meet these targets within a broader renewable energy portfolio, China is exploring the use of various marine-based energy sources. In particular, it is supporting measures to tap into its approximately 110 GW of...

Mexico’s national utilities adapt to climate change

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

Power generation sources (hydro, thermal, solar, wind) are always affected, although to varying degrees (depending on the energy source as well as the region) by changes in the climate. Taking into account the risk associated with climate changes into project identification, planning and implementation are key components to maximizing resilience. Mexico’s national power...

Integrating LEDS into India's national development plans

The Low Carbon Strategies for Inclusive Growth Expert Committee was assembled to research and make recommendations for integrating LEDS into the national planning process. Its members included representation from the ministries of power, new and renewable energy, environment and forest, road transport and highways, railways, urban development, coal, petroleum,...

Energy efficiency legal framework in Macedonia

Energy Efficiency

In 2015, the Republic of Macedonia promoted energy efficiency by adopting new or amended bylaws at the national level. The U.S. Agency for International Development collaborated with the Ministry of Economy to develop the bylaws, which included rules for certifying energy auditors and establishing building efficiency rating procedures. The adopted legislation led to the...

Green BioTrade in Namibia

Agriculture

Industry

Jobs and Livelihoods

The sustainable use and trade of biodiversity-based products or BioTrade could act as the perfect starting point for Namibia’s transition to a greener economy. BioTrade is already improving livelihoods of many communities in Namibia, particularly in rural areas where opportunities for subsistence are otherwise limited. Since 2000, Namibian stakeholders have developed an...

Bordo Poniente Landfill Closing Helps “Green” Mexico City

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Urban

Waste Management

In 2011, Mexico City authorities announced the closure of the Bordo Poniente Landfill, one of the world’s largest landfills and the city’s leading source of greenhouse gas emissions. An international public tender to generate clean electricity from landfill methane was released shortly thereafter. The landfill closure project—a collaboration between Mexico City, C40...

Peru’s National Climate Law: A critical step towards reducing global emissions

While hosting the 20th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC COP20) negotiations in December 2014, Peru passed a climate law – the first of its kind in the Latin America region. The new law establishes a greenhouse gas inventory system known as INFOCARBONO. INFOCARBONO provides a model that other countries can use...

Marshall Islands Outer islands solar projects

Renewable Energy

Under the National Energy Policy and to address the challenges associated with fossil fuel dependence, the Marshall Islands implemented its outer island solar project, setting a target of 100% renewable energy electrification. The project resulted in 95% solar electrification of all outer island public facilities and households and, building on that success, the...

Transport green zone in Santiago

Transport

The 'Green Zone Project for Transport in Santiago' (ZVTS in Spanish acronym) was developed at the Municipality of Santiago as part of its Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). The ZVTS is the first NAMA designed for the transport sector in Chile, whose main objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to the national greenhouse gas...

Sustainable biomass cultivation in DRC

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Poverty

Rural

An element of realizing the Democratic Republic of Congo’s LEDS initiatives is improving sustainable forest management, and an important part of that effort if sustainable biomass cultivation. An example of this work is EcoMakala, a project done with financing support from the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Union, which worked with farmers to reforest...

Bangladesh wind resource mapping project

Renewable Energy

The Enhancing Capacity for LEDS (EC-LEDS) Bangladesh Wind Resource Mapping Project is helping to reduce the development and investment risk by providing high-quality comprehensive wind resource data products needed to encourage public and private sector wind energy development and increase investor confidence in the viability of wind energy projects. The validated high-...

Geothermal Risk Mitigation in Turkey

Renewable Energy

Geothermal energy is an underdeveloped clean energy resource due primarily to the high risks associated with early stage exploration and development. Some form of government support is typically required to minimize uncertainty and attract private investment. Turkey’s national and provincial governments jointly conducted all of Turkey’s early geothermal development,...

Energy sector and strategic investment planning for renewable energy in Nicaragua

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

Since 2004, Nicaragua’s National Energy Policy and Strategic Plan for the Energy Sector have established a clear and consistent process for national electrification, nearly doubling electricity access rates to 80% by 2015. This rapid grid development has been sustained by over US $1.5 billion in clean energy investment between 2006 and 2012, resulting in markedly...

Ghana's integrated resources and resilience planning program

Disaster Risk Reduction

Energy Efficiency

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

The electrification rate in Ghana is 30% (and 50% in rural areas) and the government has a goal of adding 10% renewable energy sources by 2020. Ghana has an over-reliance on hydropower and is therefore vulnerable to climate change related fluctuations in water resources. An overview of the major barriers to further expanding the power sector reveals several significant...

Reducing air pollution concentration by 50% in Mexico

Transport

Urban

Health

During the 1980s, Mexico was known worldwide for its air quality problems. Mexico City, in that time, was considered the most polluted city in the world. Nowadays, despite having four times more vehicles, authorities have reduced air pollution concentration by more than 50% through a public policy integrated approach. The link below includes a package of materials on...

Screening Hydropower Facilities for Climate Change Risks to Business Performance in the Philippines

Ecosystem Adaptation

Renewable Energy

Water

Southeast Asia is expected to experience higher temperatures and greater precipitation variability owing to climate change, resulting in impacts on hydropower performance and reliability. In the Philippines, researchers and in-country partners assessed environmental, financial, and social performance risks related to the 7-MW run-of-river Tudaya-2 hydropower plant. The...

Payment-for-watershed services study in Uganda’s Rwenzori mountains

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Forestry and Land-Use

Water

This feasibility study reports the benefits of a payment for watershed services system for two watershed systems, Mubuku and Nyamwamba that have their headwaters in the Rwenzori Mountains National Park region in Uganda. Payments for watershed services is a methodology by which a market economy in created for services that relate to protecting ecosystems. In this case,...

Enhanced LEDS and climate change coordination in Zambia

Acknowledging that development of a successful low emission development strategy (LEDS) requires coordination across all sectors of government and involvement of a wide range of key stakeholders, the Government of Zambia has established the Inter Ministerial Climate Change Secretariat (ICCS), comprising members of staff from key Ministries dealing with climate change...

Indonesia Assessment of Waste Management Technologies

Renewable Energy

Waste Management

Indonesia’s INDC highlights waste management and waste-to-energy projects as key actions for achieving the country’s broader unconditional mitigation goal of a 26% GHG emission reduction by 2020. Further, Indonesia’s national climate action plan includes a target of reducing emissions by 48–78 MtCO2e from the waste sector by 2020. The Institute for Essential Services...

Financing energy transformation at the subnational level in Peru

Transport

This project presents Lima’s rapid fuel matrix switch from high sulfur content diesel to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)— mitigating risks, innovating financial structures, and pioneering information and communication technologies (ICTs) to establish an enabling environment at the local level. In less than 9 years, the COFIGAS program has created partnerships that put more...

Nicaragua Pro-Poor Adaptation to Climate Change in Urban Centers

Urban

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Poor urban residents of Estelí, Nicaragua, are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts owing to inadequate physical infrastructure (such as sewers and drainage), land and housing vulnerability due to insecure tenure rights, socioeconomic challenges, and limited national-level climate assessments and planning specific to their needs. However, Estelí residents...

Myanmar Agriculture Network and Grow Asia

Agriculture

The Myanmar Agriculture Network (MAN) was established in 2013 under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, local and global businesses, and other stakeholders. The Network serves as a multi-stakeholder platform to accelerate partnership opportunities and investment in food security, along with environmentally sustainable and inclusive agricultural...

Policy changes prioritize geothermal energy growth in Mexico

Renewable Energy

Electricity demand in Mexico is expected to increase at a rate of 3.5% each year. Recently, the government of Mexico has set an ambitious target of reaching 35% clean energy generation by 2024. Mexico has significant untapped geothermal energy resources and is estimated to range in between 5 and 25 gigawatts of untapped conventional and unconventional geothermal...

Strategies for gender equal clean energy deployment in West African states

Energy Efficiency

Gender

Jobs and Livelihoods

Renewable Energy

Gender equality is an issue being addressed by the 15 member countries of the Economic Community of West African States with the goal of regional collaboration and policymaking to enhance the role of women in the energy work force. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the developments of clean energy with those of gender inclusivity...

Rural electrification program planning

Renewable Energy

Rural

Poverty

Between 2004 and 2012, the Laos Rural Electrification Program provided more than 39,000 formerly unconnected households with access to electricity. This access has facilitated many social, economic, and environmental co-benefits, including higher household incomes, reduced time spent on chores, reduced local air pollution, and reduced expenditure on energy assets. The...

Sludge to Energy: An Environment-Energy-Economic Assessment of Methane Capture from Sludge in Xiangyang City, Hubei Province

Renewable Energy

Urban

Waste Management

In response to the increasing volumes of liquid waste caused by rapid urbanization, China has invested heavily in wastewater treatment plants. These plants produce sludge, which, although harmful to human health and the environment, can be reused to generate energy and create other products. In 2011, Xiangyang City in Hubei Province, China, implemented a thermal...

Gender mainstreaming in the energy sector: Applications in Madhya Pradesh, India

Energy Efficiency

Gender

Jobs and Livelihoods

Renewable Energy

The ENERGIA gender methodology has been designed as a framework for energy sector planning. Its application aims at reducing the risk of gender inequality as a result from project activities and outcomes, and supports the case that both women and men benefit from energy projects. The methodology has been used by the Energy Department of the Government of Madhya Pradesh...

Geothermal Risk Mitigation in the Philippines

Renewable Energy

Geothermal energy is an underdeveloped clean energy resource due primarily to the high risks associated during early stages of development. Some form of government support is typically required to minimize uncertainty and attract private investors. Since the 1960’s the Philippines’ government has made a clear, sustained commitment to support geothermal development...

Rwanda Dairy Competitiveness and Efficiency

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa. Its agricultural sector employs about 70% of the country’s workforce and constitutes around 35% of the gross domestic product. Small-scale, subsistence-oriented family farming dominates the agricultural sector, with an estimated 60% of farmers rearing livestock. Emissions from livestock rearing, due to enteric...

Hillside soil conservation as a measure to increase yields and sequester carbon in Haiti

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Low emissions development in the agricultural sector can mitigate climate change and is particularly important in countries such as Haiti whose economies largely depend on agriculture. Haiti has experienced frequent natural disasters, environmental degradation, and low economic development, all of which leave the country highly vulnerable to climate change. In 2015, the...

Mekong River Commission Sustainable Hydropower Initiative

Gender

Renewable Energy

Rural

Water

The Mekong River Commission was founded to support intergovernmental planning for water resources that cross national boundaries in the Mekong region of Asia. As a major activity of the Commission, the Sustainable Hydropower Initiative supports management and planning for hydro projects from an integrated, cross-border perspective. The initiative focuses on ensuring...

The impact of Indonesia’s public climate finance system

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Renewable Energy

Transport

Waste Management

Indonesia is pushing forward to sustain economic growth while reducing greenhouse emissions. The country aims for a 26% reduction in business-as-usual levels by 2020, or 41% with international support. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Indonesia recognizes the critical role of finance. Public and private financing, from both foreign and domestic entities will be...

Competitive Bidding for Wind Energy Development in Egypt

Renewable Energy

Natural gas and hydro power meet the majority of Egypt’s electricity demand, but the country is looking to meet future energy needs with a greater share of renewables, particularly wind, due to its commercial viability and the excellent wind resource in the Gulf of Suez. To meet its future wind energy targets, the Egyptian government has pursued government-led and...

Chile’s National Marine Energy Strategy

Renewable Energy

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Chile’s energy consumption grew by 47% from 2002–2010. During the same period, installed electrical generation capacity increased by 57% (from 10 to 16 GW), with hydropower making up 37% of total electrical generation. However, severe droughts have reduced Chile’s hydropower generation, leading to an increase in natural gas use. To avoid future energy crises, Chile...

Tajikistan’s Qairokkum Hydropower plant: Planning ahead for climate change

Renewable Energy

Tajikistan depends on hydropower for about 98% of its electricity and during winter months about 70% of the population experiences power outages. Tajikistan’s Qairokkum Hydropower plant relies on river basins that are fed by melted snow and glaciers, and these sources of water are vulnerable to climate change impacts. Additionally, climate change models have predicted...

Restoration of Mangrove Forests in Vietnam

Disaster Risk Reduction

Education

Forestry and Land-Use

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Rural

Due to certain aquaculture and agriculture practices as well as other factors, since the 1950s, Vietnam lost more than 80% of its mangrove forests (shrubs or trees that grow on coastal shorelines). Mangrove forests are useful in decreasing storm surge levels, reducing the height of waves and stabilizing sediments. Motivated by the vulnerability of Vietnam to storm...

Philippines grid integration study to inform power sector planning

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

To support ongoing evaluation of future power system development scenarios, the Department of Energy of the Philippines (PDOE) together with USAID undertook a Solar and Wind Integration Study for the Luzon-Visayas System of the Philippines . The study used high-resolution renewable energy data and production cost modeling to assess location and time-specific operational...

High Mileage Taxis Save Money Through Electrification in Colombia

Transport

Urban

As part of its commitment to combat vehicle-based emissions and address climate change, Colombia has launched a country wide Biotaxis initiative to green its existing taxi fleet. In partnership with C40 Cities Leadership Group, the city of Bogotá, Colombia developed a 50-electric taxi pilot project. Successful outcomes of the initiative included lower maintenance costs...

India Negative Pricing to Manage Power System Oversupply

Renewable Energy

India uses negative energy pricing, or the practice of allowing power prices in an electricity market to fall below zero, to discourage generation during periods of oversupply on the electric grid. This strategy can minimize the curtailment of generation and expand opportunities for use of renewable energy sources. India’s work on negative pricing aligns with its target...

Tanzania’s integrated resources and resilience planning program

Energy Efficiency

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Currently the electrification rate is Tanzania is 30% (can be as low is 11% in rural areas) and the government has a goal of 75% electrification by 2035. This is an estimated addition of 60 million new electricity users. Some of the major barriers to better energy planning and performance include lack of supporting policy and regulations and the need for significant...

Rwanda’s Green Fund

Agriculture

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Renewable Energy

Waste Management

Rwanda has ambitious sustainable development goals but is vulnerable to climate change impacts, which are estimated to cost 1% of Rwanda’s annual gross domestic product. To address this challenge, Rwanda developed a Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy, a key component of which is the Environment and Climate Change Fund (FONERWA). FONERWA aims to mobilize and...

Agroforestry in the Humbo Region of Ethiopia

Agriculture

Education

Forestry and Land-Use

Jobs and Livelihoods

Rural

In 2009 it was estimated that only 3% of Ethiopia’s native forests remained, which were largely lost due to crop farming, livestock grazing, and charcoal production. Economic losses from soil degradation were estimated to be US$ 1–2 billion annually. To address these challenges, the Government of Ethiopia and key partners implemented agroforestry practices and,...

Embedding climate change resilience in coastal city planning: Early lessons from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Forestry and Land-Use

Coastal cities like Cartagena are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change such as sea level rise, coastal flooding, and disease. Colombia’s Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, the Climate and Development Knowledge Network, the Institute of Marine and Coastal Research (INVEMAR), and local authorities developed the concept of integrating...

South Africa Power System Transformation

Energy Efficiency

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Through its INDC, South Africa aims to have its GHG emissions “peak, plateau, and decline” by 2030. To help accomplish that goal, South Africa has worked with the 21 st Century Power Partnership since 2012 to make its power system more reliable, cost-effective, and low-carbon. This collaboration has enabled South African system planners, regulators, and operators to...

South Africa’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme

Renewable Energy

In 2011, the Government of South Africa launched a competitive procurement program for renewable energy called the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (REIPPPP). Since the launch of this public-private partnership, US $16 billion in private-sector investment has been committed for 79 awarded projects totaling 5,243 MW of renewable energy. The...

Enabling Sustainable Land-Management Practices in Kenya’s Tana River Basin via Payments for Watershed Services

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Education

Forestry and Land-Use

Renewable Energy

Rural

Water

Payments for watershed services is a method by which a market economy is created for services that relate to protecting ecosystems. For communities surrounding a river basin, this approach rewards upstream water users, such as farmers, for adopting sustainable land-use techniques (such as terracing, mulching, and agroforestry) that protect water supply and quality for...

Forest Restoration in Costa Rica

Education

Forestry and Land-Use

As a result of crop production, cattle grazing and road development, Costa Rica’s forestland decreased from 77% to 41% of the country’s land area from 1943–1986. To address this challenge, the Government of Costa Rica and key partners implemented several notable actions including approaches to enable payments for environmental services and other policy reforms...

Local air pollution management in Kathmandu Valley Nepal

Transport

Urban

Health

Like much of South Asia, Nepal is experiencing rapid urbanization, particularly in the Kathmandu Valley. Rapid urbanization has come with increased demand for motorized travel, rising CO2 emissions, and poor urban air quality, with particulate matter concentrations well above World Health Organization guidelines. Comprehensive low carbon policy packages, like one...

Distributed Generation in Mexico

Renewable Energy

Mexico has committed to a 25% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 as part of its INDC, and it aims to generate 35% of electricity from clean sources by 2024. Distributed generation (DG) can play a key role in helping Mexico meet both goals. Mexico is undergoing an energy reform that will create increasing opportunities for DG deployment. Energy institutions in Mexico...

Paving the Way to a Greener, Smarter, More Flexible Grid in Mexico

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

Mexico’s power sector is transforming to become more reliable, financially robust, and cleaner. Through participation in the 21st Century Power Partnership, Mexican energy policymakers, regulators, and system operators can tap into the expertise of the international power sector community to address critical questions and challenges such as variable renewable grid...

South Africa Assessing the Economics of Climate Change Adaptation

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Rural

Water

Climate change could affect South Africa’s water resources, resulting in water-use impacts on its residential, agricultural, and industrial sectors. To help South African farmers adapt to climate change, researchers at the University of the Free State Bloemfontein used an economic model that simulates the impacts of adaptation strategies. The Ceres Dynamic Integrated...

Agroforestry in Maradi and Zinder Regions of Niger

Agriculture

Education

Forestry and Land-Use

Rural

Agroforestry practices supported regeneration of productive landscapes in the Maradi and Zinder regions of Niger, which were severely impacted by drought and crop failure from the 1960’s to the ‘80’s. Under an approach called “farmer-managed natural regeneration” (FMNR) native trees and shrubs are allowed to regrow from residual underground roots or through new planting...

Honduras Crop, Soil, and Livestock Management

Agriculture

Education

Forestry and Land-Use

Rural

Agriculture is an integral part of the Honduran economy. It is also an important sector for reducing GHG emissions, as articulated in Honduras’s INDC. Recently, extreme weather events have negatively impacted agricultural production in Honduras, and climate change impacts over the longer term are expected to exacerbate these issues. Within this context, the Government...

Kenya Pro-Poor Adaptation to Climate Change in Urban Centers

Disaster Risk Reduction

Ecosystem Adaptation

Urban

Poor urban residents of Mombasa, Kenya, are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts owing to inadequate physical infrastructure (such as sewers and drainage), land and housing vulnerability due to insecure tenure rights, socioeconomic challenges, and limited national-level climate assessments and planning specific to their needs. However, Mombasa residents are...

Namibia’s climate change plans in the energy and agriculture sectors

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Transport

Namibia is a country heavily tied to land-use as a source of employment for its people. According to the Namibian Labor Force Survey (Ministry of Labor, 2004), agriculture employed 27% of the country’s workforce in 2004. Additionally, Namibia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world, and according to the 2003/04 Household Income and Expenditure...

Soil conservation in the Shinyanga Region of Tanzania

Education

Forestry and Land-Use

Rural

Water

In the mid-1980s, agricultural expansion and commercial logging in the Shinyanga region of Tanzania resulted in significant deforestation, soil erosion, and negative impacts on water resources. In response, the Government launched the community-based Shinyanga Soil Conservation Program, which revived traditional practices restricting livestock grazing to the dry season...

The Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) and policymaking for low carbon growth in Asia: A case study of Thailand

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Industry

Forestry and Land-Use

This case study shows how the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) has been used in Thailand to inform policymaking for low carbon, climate resilient growth. AIM is a set of computer simulation models for assessing options – primarily policy and technology choices – to reduce or slow the growth of greenhouse gas emissions. Users can model a wide range of social and...

India Innovation Lab for Green Finance

Renewable Energy

India needs substantial investment in clean energy and green infrastructure to meet its climate goals, but financing barriers have presented challenges. The India Innovation Lab for Green Finance was launched in November 2015 to accelerate the needed investments. The Lab is a private-public partnership with members from Indian ministries, development banks,...

Panama Canal watershed restoration

Agriculture

Ecosystem Adaptation

Water

Oceans and Coastal Resources

Forestry and Land-Use

Due to deforestation, forest cover within the Panama Canal watershed decreased by 43% between 1974 and 1991. To ensure water flow capacity in the Canal, critical action was needed to restore and manage the watershed. This case study profiles the following actions and good practices that were implemented to support Panama Canal watershed restoration and protection...

Assessing carbon and water footprints in Andean cities: Comparative study of La Paz, Quito and Lima

Energy Efficiency

Industry

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Urban

Water

The Andean cities of La Paz, Quito, and Lima share a common interest in climate compatible development and vulnerabilities to climate change due to dependence on shrinking glaciers for their water supplies. Through participation in the Cities Footprint Project, the three cities assessed their carbon and water footprints, developed municipal action plans, and implemented...

Harnessing Climate-Resilient Geothermal Energy in Kenya

Renewable Energy

Kenya has a current installed electricity capacity of 2,351 MW. This is expected to grow drastically to 19,200 MW by 2030. To meet this demand the Kenyan government has developed a national energy plan and a National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP). Geothermal energy has been identified as key to meeting Kenya’s energy demands. The country has an estimated geothermal...

China Wind Transmission Planning

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

Traditional transmission-planning approaches often account inadequately for areas that are high in renewable energy resources but far from population centers. However, China is taking a proactive approach to planning for renewable energy generation and transmission. As part of its process for planning the development of eight high-capacity wind development regions or “...

India’s Heat Action Plan

Education

Health

Urban

As part of India’s INDC, the country has prioritized supporting adaptation by addressing health impacts associated with extreme heat events. As one example, the city of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat partnered with the Indian Institute of Health, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and a coalition of other technical and community groups to prepare a heat action...

Kenya’s climate resilient low emission development

Agriculture

Energy Efficiency

Forestry and Land-Use

Renewable Energy

Transport

Climate resilience has been integrated into low emission development planning in Kenya through their National Climate Change Action Plan. In particular, the Action Plan prioritizes deployment of technologies that will support both mitigation and adaptation outcomes. To enable action prioritization, a local and international technical team used a development impact...

Climate Mitigation Through Improving Productivity of Brazil’s Agricultural Lands

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

As the home of the Amazon rainforest and significant agricultural production, preventing deforestation to reduce emissions is a high priority for Brazil. Deforestation and emissions have slowed in the past decade, but a recent increase shows lingering challenges. Researchers at the Climate Policy Initiative studied four examples of increased agricultural productivity in...

Sustainable land management through market-oriented commodity development in Ethiopia

Agriculture

Forestry and Land-Use

Rural

This working paper analyzes four case studies of local districts in Ethiopia to support the theory that sustainable land management would be benefited by linking natural resource management with market-oriented commodity development. Land degradation has been identified as severe environmental problem in Ethiopia, especially since the early 1970s. This paper focuses...

Building Resilience in Brazil’s Biofuel Market

Renewable Energy

Transport

Urban

Brazil has a longstanding, successful biofuels program and a well-developed flex-fuel market. Gasoline and ethanol options are widespread at fueling stations across the country, and most new cars are flex-fuel vehicles that can run on any mix of gasoline and ethanol. Brazil’s sugarcane industry has benefited from the resulting increase in ethanol demand. A recent study...

South Africa’s Integrated Resource Plan

Energy Efficiency

Integrated Energy Systems

Renewable Energy

Water

To address water scarcity, South Africa is reducing water use in the electricity sector. The country’s Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), developed by the South Africa Department of Energy, includes water use as a key criterion for assessing longer-term electricity-sector investments. Under the process that led to IRP adoption in 2011, the Department of Energy and partners...

Community Forest Restoration in Nepal

Forestry and Land-Use

Rural

Population growth, agricultural expansion, and demand for fuel-wood resulted in large-scale deforestation in Nepal from the1950s to 1990s, leading to soil erosion, increased sediment runoff, landslides, and flooding. Community forestry, initiated by the Government of Nepal in the late 1970s, emerged as a new approach to engage communities in the usage, rehabilitation,...

Republic of Congo Sustainable Tropical Forest Management Planning

Forestry and Land-Use

Since moving into an era of peace and stability, the Congo has become a champion of sustainable tropical forest management planning, participating in the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade EU-(FLEGT) initiative and implementing an ambitious forest certification program. Current deforestation and degradation rates are estimated around 0.2%. However, more...

India Sustainable Urban Transport and Road Safety

Transport

Urban

Health

The rapid urbanization of Ahmedabad, India, has caused a significant increase in the city’s motorized travel, urban sprawl, and traffic accident fatalities. In 2005, Ahmedabad was named India’s third most polluted city. However, the Janmarg (Hindi for “The People’s Way”) Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System, launched in 2009, has simultaneously reduced emissions and improved...

Transmission Planning for Renewable Energy in Mexico (DEMO)

Renewable Energy

Integrated Energy Systems

Traditional transmission planning approaches are often inadequate at accounting for areas of high renewable energy resources. However, regulators and transmission operators are increasingly exploring new methods for developing transmission to high-quality renewable energy areas while also considering financial implications and stakeholder engagement. Despite excellent...

Watershed and Forest Management in India

Forestry and Land-Use

Gender

Jobs and Livelihoods

Rural

Water

By 2011, deforestation related to unsustainable agriculture and livestock practices in India had degraded an estimated 35 million hectares of forestland and negatively impacted water table levels. To address this challenge the Government of India implemented watershed management as the main national strategy to facilitate planning, development and management of the...

Planning for variable renewable energy loads in India’s power system

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

The transformation of traditional power systems to encompass diverse renewable energy resources is critical in enabling low carbon climate resilient development. To support key climate and development objectives, the Government of India created an ambitious target of 175 GW of installed renewable energy by 2022. Understanding the impacts of scaled up renewable energy...

Coordinated climate change planning in Nepal

The primary contextual motivators for articulating climate change as a national development agenda in Nepal included the need to address the challenges posed by climate change impacts to Nepal’s socioeconomic development goals; the need to effectively engage with, implement and maximize the benefits of the UNFCCC; the need to make socioeconomic development practices and...

The Philippine National REDD-plus Strategy (PNRPS)

Forestry and Land-Use

The Philippine National REDD-plus Strategy (PNRPS) presents a broad range of strategies and corresponding activities over a 10-year time horizon (2010-2020), and seeks to prepare forestlands managers throughout the country to assume responsibility in implementing REDD+ programs, research, projects and activities with the support of international, national and local...

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