Lessons from the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands

Evidence from previous structural transitions away from coal reveals several key issues and approaches that are decisive in determining the socioeconomic impacts of these transitions. Although insights are collected and organized in different ways across the literature, there is a good degree of convergence on high-level lessons and approaches. These are outlined here with reference to ongoing coal transitions in the United Kingdom (on track to phase out by 2024), the Netherlands (by 2030), and Germany (by 2038).